Particle<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

Contemporary Standard Korean Orthography<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

Contemporary Standard Korean Pronunciation<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

Yanbian Korean Variants<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

Subject<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

- i (\uc774), -ka (\uac00),<\/span><\/p>\r\n

-kkeyse (\uaed8\uc368)\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

[i], [ga]<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[k\u2019es<\/span>\u0259]<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

[i], [ga], <\/span>[iga]<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[k\u2019es<\/span>\u0259]<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

Object<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

-ul (\uc744), -lul (\ub97c)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

[<\/span>\u0268l], [\u027e\u0268l]<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

[<\/span>\u0268l], [\u027e\u0268l], <\/span>[\u0268], [\u027e\u0268], [u], [l]<\/span><\/p>\r\n

<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

Genitive<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

-uy (\uc758)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

[e], [i]<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

Movement and Location<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

-ey (\uc5d0)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

-eyta (\uc5d0\ub2e4)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

-eyse (\uc5d0\uc11c)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

-eykey (\uc5d0\uac8c)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

-hanthey (\ud55c\ud14c)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

[e]<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[eda] <\/span>-etaka<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[es<\/span>\u0259], <\/span>[s\u0259]<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[ege] <\/span>-ndey, -indey, -keyda, -bogwu<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[hant\u02b0e]<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

[e]<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[eda] <\/span>-etaka<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[es<\/span>\u0259], <\/span>[s\u0259]<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[ege] <\/span>-ndey, -indey, -keyda, -bogwu<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[hant\u02b0e]<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

Instrumental<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

-lo (\ub85c), -ulo (\uc73c\ub85c)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

[<\/span>\u027eo], [\u0268\u027eo],<\/span> [lo], [\u0268lo]\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

Comitative\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

-wa (\uc640), -kwa (\uacfc)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

-lang (\ub791), -ilang (\uc774\ub791)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

-hako (\ud558\uace0)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

[wa], [kwa], <\/span>[ga]<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[<\/span>\u027eang], [i\u027eag] <\/span>-iramey, -ramey<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[hago]<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

As shown\u00a0 in Table 1, there are more variations of morphological case particles in Yanbian Korean than in Contemporary Standard Korean.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Another morpho-syntactic difference between Yanbian Korean and Contemporary Seoul Korean is related to the subject particle. For instance, subject particles can be used along with another particle in the grammar of Yanbian Korean, although this would be marked ungrammatical in Contemporary Standard Korean. See the following example from Barnes-Sadler and Yeon (2019):<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Example 3. Subject Particle with Present Particle in Yanbian Korean
<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h5>\r\n

(3) Yanbian Korean<\/span><\/h5>\r\n
\r\n

[se \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Ji\u0361d\u0292a\u014b-iga-do\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 ik\u2019o]<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\uc0c8 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \uc2dc\uc7a5\uc774\uac00\ub3c4\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \uc788\uace0<\/b><\/p>\r\n

new \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 market-SUBJ-also\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 be present-DM<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u2018There is a new market, too\u2019\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n

In Example 3., the subject particle <\/span>-iga <\/span><\/i>is co-used with the present particle <\/span>-ko. <\/span><\/i>This is allowed in Yanbian Korean, but not in contemporary standard Korean. For this sentence to be grammatical in Contemporary Standard Korean, the subject particle <\/span>-iga <\/span><\/i>needs to be omitted. See Example 4 for the details (Modified from Barnes-Sadler and Yeon (2019):<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Example 4. Subject Particle with Present Particle in Contemporary Standard Korean\u00a0<\/span><\/h5>\r\n

(4) Contemporary Standard Korean\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/h5>\r\n
\r\n

[se \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Ji\u0361d\u0292a\u014b-do\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 ik\u2019o]<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\uc0c8 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \uc2dc\uc7a5\ub3c4\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \uc788\uace0<\/b><\/p>\r\n

new \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 market-also\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 be present-DM<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u2018There is a new market, too\u2019\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n

There are also phonological differences between Contemporary Standard Korean and Yanbian Korean. One example is how Contemporary Standard Korean and Yanbian Korean use different vowels. These are described in Table 2 (Modified from Yu et al., 2022): <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Table 2. Contemporary Standard Korean and Yanbian Korean vowel phoneme inventory.\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\r\n

Vowels in bold are written differently, but are no longer distinctive in speech (i.e. speakers no longer pronounce them differently)

<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\r\n CSK<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n	\r\n Front<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n	\r\n Back<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n Unrounded<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n	\r\n Rounded<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n	\r\n Unrounded<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n	\r\n Rounded<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n High<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n	\r\n \/i\/ \uc774<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n	\r\n \/y\/ \uc704<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n	\r\n \/\u026f\/ \uc73c<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n	\r\n \/u\/ \uc6b0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n Mid<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n	\r\n \/e\/ \uc5d0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n	\r\n \/\u00f8\/ \uc678<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n	\r\n \/\u028c\/ \uc5b4<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n	\r\n \/o\/ \uc624<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n Low<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n	\r\n \/\u025b\/ \uc560<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n	<\/td>\r\n	\r\n \/a\/ \uc544<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n	<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n <\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n YK<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n Front<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n Back in<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n \r\n Unrounded<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n Rounded<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n Unrounded<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n Rounded<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n \r\n High<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n \/i\/ \uc774\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n \/y\/ \uc704<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n \/\u026f\/ \uc73c<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n \/u\/ \uc6b0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n \r\n Mid<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n \/e\/ \uc5d0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n \/\u00f8\/ \uc678<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n \/\u028c\/ \uc5b4<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n \/o\/ \uc624<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n \r\n Low<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n \/\u025b\/ \uc560<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n \r\n \/a\/\u00a0 \uc544<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n <\/span><\/p>\r\n As noted in the table above, although \/y\/ and<\/span> \/\u00f8\/ existed in the earlier stage of Korean, in both Contemporary Standard Korean and Yanbian Korean, they are now realized as diphthongs \/wi\/ and \/we\/ (a combination of two vowel sounds), rather than as monophthongs (a pure vowel sound) (Yu Cho, 2016). It is important to note, however, that the <\/span>low unrounded vowel<\/span> \/\u025b\/ \uc560 merged to \/e\/ \uc5d0 in Contemporary Standard Korean, but not Yanbian Korean. Although \/\u025b\/ is still written orthographically as \uc560 in Contemporary Standard Korean, it has lost its phonemic realization. In other words, speakers of Contemporary Standard Korean pronounce \/\u025b\/ \uc560 as \/e\/ <\/span>\uc5d0. For example, consider the words \/ke\/ \uac8c (\u2018crab)\u2019 and \/k\u025b\/ \uac1c (\u2018dog\u2019). Many Contemporary Standard Korean speakers would pronounce both words as [ke], while Yanbian Korean speakers pronounce the two words differently, maintaining the \/e\/ and \/\u025b\/ distinction.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n Ko (2009) performed an experiment in which Yanbian speakers and Contemporary Standard Korean speakers were asked to produce target words in a spontaneous speech, by looking at the target pictures. Table 3 is part of the stimuli used for this experiment (Modified from Ko, 2009).\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\r\n Table 3. Words with \/e\/ and \/\u025b\/.<\/h4>\r\n By analyzing the speakers\u2019 pronunciation, Ko\u2019s (2009) study showed that Yanbian speakers would say the \/e\/ vowel in the first column differently the\u00a0 \/\u025b\/ vowel in the second. But, Contemporary Standard Korean speakers tend to say the two vowels the same way.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n Word with \/e\/ \uc5d0<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n meaning<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n Word with \/\u025b\/ \uc560<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n meaning<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n \r\n \/peke\/ \ubca0\uac8c<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n \u2018pillow\u2019<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n \/p\u025b\/ \ubc30<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n \u2018ship\u2019<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n \r\n \/temo\/ \ub370\ubaa8<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n \u2018demonstration\u2019<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n \/t\u025bnamu\/ \ub300\ub098\ubb34<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n \u2018bamboo\u2019<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n \r\n \/<\/span>t\u0255\u02b0e\/ \uccb4<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n \u2018sieve\u2019<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n \/<\/span>t\u0255\u02b0<\/span>\u025b<\/span>t\u0255\u0348ik\/ \ucc44\ucc0d<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n \u2018whip\u2019<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n \r\n \/ke\/ \uac8c<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n \u2018crab\u2019<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n \/k\u025b\/ \uac1c<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n \u2018dog\u2019<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n \r\n \/ne sain\/ \ub124 \uc0ac\uc778<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n \u2018your signature\u2019<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n \/n\u025b sain\/ \ub0b4 \uc0ac\uc778<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n \u2018my signature\u2019<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n \r\n \/m\u025b<\/span>t\u0348uki\/ \uba54\ub69c\uae30<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n \u2018grasshopper\u2019<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n \/memi\/ \ub9e4\ubbf8<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n \u2018cicada\u2019<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n Prolonged exposure to Contemporary Standard Korean at workplace or school results in the \/e\/ and \/<\/span>\u025b\/ merger for speakers of Yanbian Korean as well. If speakers of Yanbian Korean have close contact with people speaking Contemporary Standard Korean, they would start producing \/e\/ and \/\u025b\/ similarly, with the two vowels losing their distinction (<\/span>Yu et al. 2022)<\/span>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n Language change due to the influence of another language is neither a novel phenomenon nor restricted to phonology. Yanbian Korean features loanwords that are not used in Contemporary Standard Korean. The accents of these loanwords in Yanbian Korean will vary depending on the source language (Ito, 2014). Particularly, the loanwords from English, Japanese, and Mandarin will be adapted differently because the source languages have three different prosodic systems (stress, pitch accent, and tone, respectively).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n It is crucial to note here that Yanbian Korean along with Contemporary Standard Korean is a pitch-accent language, in which the prominent syllables in words are determined by a different pitch rather than by a tone or stress. Because Yanbian Korean is a pitch language, regardless of the prosodic system of a source language, all of their loanwords get translated into pitch accent. In other words, <\/span>stress<\/span><\/i> turns into pitch accent for English loanwords, and <\/span>tone<\/span><\/i> turns into pitch accent for Mandarin. As Japanese is a pitch-accent language like Yanbian Korean, <\/span>pitch <\/span><\/i>plays a role in determining pitch accent in Yanbian Korean. Pitch-accents are indicated by H (high pitch) or L (low pitch).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n See the following examples for the loanword adaptations:<\/span><\/p>\r\n English:\u00a0 j<\/span>\u00fa<\/b>.m\u0259 (HL), \u2018humor\u2019\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n Japanese: ta.m<\/span>\u00e1 <\/b>(LH), \u2018ball\u2019<\/span><\/p>\r\n Mandarine: h<\/span>\u00f3.<\/b>ma (HL), h\u00e0om\u01ce \u53f7\u7801 \u2018number\u2019<\/span><\/p>\r\n \u00a0<\/span>Syllable weight plays an important role in deciding the accent placement in English and Japanese loanwords (Ito 2014). In Mandarin loanwords, suprasegmental types (in this case, the tone) have greater influence over where the accent gets placed. This is due to the fact that English and Japanese are heavily influenced by a syllable weight effect, while Mandarin is not.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n Table 4 describes the effect of syllable weight and suprasegmental type for English, Japanese, and Mandarin. \u201c+\u201d indicates that there is an effect of each factor (syllable weight or suprasegmental type), \u201c(+)\u201d indicates that there is a partial effect, and \u201c-\u201d indicates that there is no strong effect.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n Table 4. Yanbian loanwords (Modified from Ito, 2014).<\/h4>\r\n <\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n Source<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n Syllable weight<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n Suprasegmental type<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n \r\n English<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n (+)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n (+)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n \r\n Japanese<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n +<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n (+)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n \r\n Mandarin<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n -<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \r\n (+)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n There are other features of Yanbian Korean that set it apart from Contemporary Standard Korean. These differences have to do with the unique history of the language, the migration history of its speakers, and the particular socio-linguistic situations its speakers have confronted in the last one hundred years.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>","sponsor":"PhD Student in Linguistics. Project supported by the Center for the Advancement of Teaching, \"Koreans in the World\" ","subtitle":"","accessinfo":"","lede":"Yanbian is a Korean autonomous prefecture in China. 36% of the 2.1 million people living in the prefecture are ethnically Korean, with the Korean population exceeding 50% in cities such as Yanji, Longjing, Tumen, Helong. The origin of the Korean population in Yanbian dates to the 19th century and early 20th century, with the majority coming from Hamky\u014fng-do in the northern Korean peninsula (Park, Y. 2003). From the early to mid twentieth century, the Korean language in Yanbian suffered from political oppression. Korean language in the region first received official recognition in the 1946s, although state support for the language after the founding of the People\u2019s Republic of China in 1949 has varied widely depending on minority language cultural policy, which included periods of active suppression especially during the Cultural Revolution Period (1966\u20131976). Nevertheless, the Korean language has been actively used amongst the Koreans in Yanbian (Park, Y., 2003). It is currently supported by the 1985 \u201cLaw on the Yanbian Korean Chinese Autonomous Prefecture.\u201d It is currently taught in primary and secondary schools, and at the university level in Yanbian University. The language of the Yanbian community exhibits influences from Chinese, northern Korean dialects, Standard North Korean and Contemporary Standard Korean.","website":"","related_resources":[" Barnes-Sadler, Simon, and Jaehoon Yeon. 2019. \u201cDiaspora Varieties of Korean: Morpho-Syntactic Contrasts in Koryo Mar and Vernacular Yanbian Korean.\u201d Lingua<\/i> 231 (November): 102742. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lingua.2019.102742<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>"," Ito, Chiyuki. 2014. \u201cLoanword Accentuation in Yanbian Korean: A Weighted-Constraints Analysis.\u201d <\/span>Natural Language & Linguistic Theory<\/span><\/i> 32 (2): 537\u201392.<\/span><\/p>","Park, Woo. 2019. \u201cThe Asianization of Northeast China: Fragmented Integration of Local Authority and the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture.\u201d <\/span>Journal of Asian Sociology<\/span><\/i> 48 (3): 377\u2013414.<\/span>"," Park, Youngmae. 2003. \u201cA Preliminary Study of the Language of Ethnic Koreans in China\u202f: Toward a Sociolinguistic Understanding.\u201d <\/span>Kyot\u014d daigaku gengogaku kenky\u016b<\/span><\/i> \u4eac\u90fd\u5927\u5b66\u8a00\u8a9e\u5b66\u7814\u7a76 22 (December): 1\u201321.<\/span> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14989\/87836<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>"," Yi Hyangg\u016dn \uc774\ud5a5\uadfc. 2017. \u201cNamhan, Pukhan, Y\u014fnby\u014fn \u016di kich\u2019o munsiks\u014fng kyoyuk naeyong pigyo\u201d \ub0a8\ud55c\u00b7\ubd81\ud55c\u00b7\uc5f0\ubcc0\uc758 \uae30\ucd08 \ubb38\uc2dd\uc131 \uad50\uc721 \ub0b4\uc6a9 \ube44\uad50. <\/span>Han\u2019guk chod\u016dng kyoyuk<\/span><\/i> \ud55c\uad6d\ucd08\ub4f1\uad50\uc721 28 (1): 187\u2013205.<\/span> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20972\/kjee.28.1.201703.187<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>"," Yu Cho, Young-mee. 2016. \u201cKorean Phonetics and Phonology.\u201d In <\/span>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics<\/span><\/i>.<\/span> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780199384655.013.176<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>"," Yu, Xiaohua, Sunghye Cho, and Yong-cheol Lee. 2022. \u201cIndividual Variability in the Production of \/e\/ and \/\u025b\/ in Yanbian Korean.\u201d <\/span>Studies in Linguistics<\/span><\/i>, no. 65: 1\u201319.<\/span> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17002\/sil..65.202210.1<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>"]}